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        <p><strong>首先，先说一下 “==” “is” “id”，因为下面说小数据池时会用到</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1 = <span class="number">300</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s2 = <span class="number">300</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1 == s2)           <span class="comment"># == 判断两个对象是否相等，大家应该都没有异议</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="literal">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1 <span class="keyword">is</span> s2)           <span class="comment"># is 判断两个值的内存地址。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="literal">False</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">id</span>(s1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">4360482576</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">id</span>(s2)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">4360482608</span>                    <span class="comment"># 为什么都是300，指向的内存地址不一样呢？</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1 = <span class="number">100</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s2 = <span class="number">100</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1 == s2)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="literal">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1 <span class="keyword">is</span> s2)           </span><br><span class="line"><span class="literal">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">id</span>(s1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">4356850720</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">id</span>(s2)                   <span class="comment"># 值为100，这一次为什么内存地址又一样了呢</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">4356850720</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A Python program <span class="keyword">is</span> constructed <span class="keyword">from</span> code blocks. A block <span class="keyword">is</span> a piece of Python program text that <span class="keyword">is</span> </span><br><span class="line">executed <span class="keyword">as</span> a unit. </span><br><span class="line">The following are blocks: a module, a function body, <span class="keyword">and</span> a <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">definition</span>. <span class="title">Each</span> <span class="title">command</span> <span class="title">typed</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="title">interactively</span> <span class="title">is</span> <span class="title">a</span> <span class="title">block</span>.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="title">A</span> <span class="title">script</span> <span class="title">file</span> (<span class="params">a file given <span class="keyword">as</span> standard <span class="built_in">input</span> to the interpreter <span class="keyword">or</span> specified <span class="keyword">as</span> a command line argument</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="params">to the interpreter</span>) <span class="title">is</span> <span class="title">a</span> <span class="title">code</span> <span class="title">block</span>. <span class="title">A</span> <span class="title">script</span> <span class="title">command</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">(<span class="params">a command specified on the interpreter command line <span class="keyword">with</span> the ‘-c‘ option</span>) <span class="title">is</span> <span class="title">a</span> <span class="title">code</span> <span class="title">block</span>. </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="title">The</span> <span class="title">string</span> <span class="title">argument</span> <span class="title">passed</span> <span class="title">to</span> <span class="title">the</span> <span class="title">built</span>-<span class="title">in</span> <span class="title">functions</span> <span class="title">eval</span>() <span class="title">and</span> <span class="title">exec</span>() <span class="title">is</span> <span class="title">a</span> <span class="title">code</span> <span class="title">block</span>.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="title">A</span> <span class="title">code</span> <span class="title">block</span> <span class="title">is</span> <span class="title">executed</span> <span class="title">in</span> <span class="title">an</span> <span class="title">execution</span> <span class="title">frame</span>. <span class="title">A</span> <span class="title">frame</span> <span class="title">contains</span> <span class="title">some</span> <span class="title">administrative</span> <span class="title">information</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">(<span class="params">used <span class="keyword">for</span> debugging</span>) <span class="title">and</span> <span class="title">determines</span> <span class="title">where</span> <span class="title">and</span> <span class="title">how</span> <span class="title">execution</span> <span class="title">continues</span> <span class="title">after</span> <span class="title">the</span> <span class="title">code</span> <span class="title">block</span>’<span class="title">s</span> <span class="title">execution</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="title">has</span> <span class="title">completed</span>.</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>上面的主要意思是：</p>
<p>Python程序是由代码块构造的。块是一个python程序的文本，他是作为一个单元执行的。</p>
<p>代码块：一个模块，一个函数，一个类，一个文件等都是一个代码块。</p>
<p>而作为交互方式输入的每个命令都是一个代码块。</p>
<p>什么叫交互方式？就是咱们在cmd中进入Python解释器里面，每一行代码都是一个代码块，例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1 = <span class="number">300</span>        <span class="comment"># 这是一个代码块</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s2 = <span class="number">300</span>        <span class="comment"># 这也是一个代码块</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func1</span>():</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>                  <span class="comment"># 此处的函数体是一个代码块</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func2</span>():</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    print(<span class="string">&quot;123&quot;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    print(<span class="string">&quot;guo&quot;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>                  <span class="comment"># 此处的函数体也是一个代码块</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">➜  ~ ls|grep *.py</span><br><span class="line">awa.py                <span class="comment"># 此文件是一个代码块</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="代码块缓存机制"><a href="#代码块缓存机制" class="headerlink" title="代码块缓存机制"></a>代码块缓存机制</h3><p>为了节省内存，提高效率，python有小数据池的概念，意思为当你执行一个代码块时，python会先检查这个代码块是否存在，存在则重用，不存在则新建，<br>这也就是为什么上面你生成了s1、s2两个变量，变量值都为100，但是内存地址一样的原因，也就是id相同，但是为什么当等于300的时候则不一样，<br>也就是新建了呢？那是因为小数据池的缓存机制是有使用范围的：</p>
<p>代码块的缓存机制的适用范围：<strong>int（float），str，bool。</strong><br><strong>int(float):任何数字在同一代码块下都会复用。</strong></p>
<p><strong>bool:True和False在字典中会以1，0方式存在，并且复用。</strong></p>
<p><strong>str：几乎所有的字符串都会符合缓存机制</strong></p>
<h3 id="缓存机制"><a href="#缓存机制" class="headerlink" title="缓存机制"></a>缓存机制</h3><p>小数据池，也称为小整数缓存机制，或者称为驻留机制等等.</p>
<p><strong>大前提：小数据池也是只针对 int(float)，str，bool。</strong></p>
<p><strong>小数据池是针对不同代码块之间的缓存机制！！！</strong></p>
<p>官方对于整数，字符串的小数据池是这么说的:</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 对于整数，Python官方文档中这么说：</span></span><br><span class="line">The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="built_in">all</span> integers between -<span class="number">5</span> <span class="keyword">and</span> <span class="number">256</span>, when you</span><br><span class="line">create an <span class="built_in">int</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> that <span class="built_in">range</span> you actually just get back a reference to the existing <span class="built_in">object</span>. So it should be</span><br><span class="line">possible to change the value of <span class="number">1.</span> I suspect the behaviour of Python <span class="keyword">in</span> this case <span class="keyword">is</span> undefined.</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 对于字符串：</span></span><br><span class="line">Incomputer science, string interning <span class="keyword">is</span> a method of storing only onecopy of each distinct string value, </span><br><span class="line">which must be immutable. Interning strings makes some stringprocessing tasks more time- <span class="keyword">or</span> space-efficient </span><br><span class="line">at the cost of requiring moretime when the string <span class="keyword">is</span> created <span class="keyword">or</span> interned. The distinct values are stored </span><br><span class="line">ina string intern pool.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Python自动将 -5~256 的整数进行了缓存，当你将这些整数赋值给变量时，并不会重新创建对象，而是使用已经创建好的缓存对象。</p>
<p>python会将一定规则的字符串在字符串驻留池中，创建一份，当你将这些字符串赋值给变量时，并不会重新创建对象， 而是使用在字符串驻留池中创建好的对象。</p>
<p>其实，无论是缓存还是字符串驻留池，都是python做的一个优化，就是将~5-256的整数，和一定规则的字符串，放在一个‘池’（容器，或者字典）中，无论程序中那些变量指向这些范围内的整数或者字符串，那么他直接在这个‘池’中引用，言外之意，就是内存中之创建一个。</p>
<p>优点：能够提高一些字符串，整数处理人物在时间和空间上的性能；需要值相同的字符串，整数的时候，直接从‘池’里拿来用，避免频繁的创建和销毁，提升效率，节约内存。</p>
<p><strong>int：如上所述，小数据池的范围是-5~256 ，如果多个变量都是指向同一个（在这个范围内的）数字，他们在内存中指向的都是一个内存地址。</strong></p>
<p><strong>str:字符串从以下几个方面讨论：</strong></p>
<p>乘数为1时：</p>
<p>仅含大小写字母，数字，下划线，默认驻留。</p>
<p>含其他字符，长度&lt;=1,默认驻留。</p>
<p>含其他字符，长度&gt;1,默认驻留。</p>
<p>乘数&gt;=2时：</p>
<p>仅含大小写字母，数字，下划线，总长度&lt;=20,默认驻留。</p>
<h4 id="指定驻留"><a href="#指定驻留" class="headerlink" title="指定驻留"></a>指定驻留</h4><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">from</span> sys <span class="keyword">import</span> intern</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1 = intern(<span class="string">&quot;guo郭!#@*lp&quot;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s2 = intern(<span class="string">&quot;guo郭!#@*lp&quot;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1 <span class="keyword">is</span> s2)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="literal">True</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>满足以上字符串的规则时，就符合小数据池的概念。</p>
<p>bool值就是True，False，无论你创建多少个变量指向True，False，那么他在内存中只存在一个。</p>
<p>看一下用了小数据池（驻留机制）的效率有多高：</p>
<p>显而易见，节省大量内存在字符串比较时，非驻留比较效率o(n)，驻留时比较效率o(1)。</p>
<h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h2><p><strong>如果在同一代码块下，则采用同一代码块下的换缓存机制。</strong></p>
<p><strong>如果是不同代码块，则采用小数据池的驻留机制。</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1 = <span class="number">300</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s2 = <span class="number">300</span>                  <span class="comment">#  直接python解释器运行，s1是一个代码块，s2是一个代码块</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1 <span class="keyword">is</span> s2)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="literal">False</span>                         <span class="comment">#  不同代码块走小数据池，300超出范围，所以为False</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#在外面创建一个文件awa.py</span></span><br><span class="line">➜  ~ echo -e <span class="string">&quot;s1 = 300\ns2 = 300\nprint(s1 is s2)&quot;</span> &gt;&gt; awa.py</span><br><span class="line">➜  ~ python3<span class="number">.6</span> awa.py             <span class="comment"># 这个文件是一个代码块</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="literal">True</span>                              <span class="comment">#  所以直接走代码块的缓存机制为True</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 注： 如果在函数内生成两个函数，则这两个函数都生成300的情况下</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 因为一个函数体是一个代码块， python会为每个函数生成临时空间(开辟一块内存)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 随函数执行完成而消散。所以结果会为False</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
      
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